A well-known medieval scientist had a laboratory for alchemical experiments. The ultimate goal was to carry out the transmutation of lead into gold. He also dedicated his time to studying flight using a gadget with wings. This scientist was Roger Bacon, a 13th-century scholastic whose academic career included working at Oxford University and the University of Paris.
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Sign up for freeWhat was the most important area of study at Medieval universities?
What immediate antecedents did Medieval universities have?
What school of thought dominated Medieval universities?
Which ancient Greek philosopher was central to Medieval scholasticism?
What comprised the quadrivium at the faculty of arts (the University of Paris)?
Which scholastic thinker and scientist was important to Oxford University?
Which Pope's decree helped establish universities across Medieval Europe?
Which religious orders were central to Oxford University?
When was the University of Paris founded?
What is the name of the first Medieval university in Europe?
What was the most important area of study at Medieval universities?
What immediate antecedents did Medieval universities have?
What school of thought dominated Medieval universities?
Which ancient Greek philosopher was central to Medieval scholasticism?
What comprised the quadrivium at the faculty of arts (the University of Paris)?
Which scholastic thinker and scientist was important to Oxford University?
Which Pope's decree helped establish universities across Medieval Europe?
Which religious orders were central to Oxford University?
When was the University of Paris founded?
What is the name of the first Medieval university in Europe?
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Fig. 1 - Roger Bacon observing the stars, Oxford University, Jan Verhas, 1867
Like today's colleges, Medieval universities offered higher education. However, there are many vital differences—from the curriculum to the types of students. From the 12th century onward, a network of universities arose in Europe, mainly present-day France, Italy, and England. These Medieval universities taught theology, medicine, law, and liberal arts. The earliest universities were akin to a corporation that included professors and students. They served as hubs for men from different countries to teach and learn.
Theology:
The study of religious questions such as the nature of God.
Of course, these Medieval places of higher learning were not the first of their kind. Their predecessors were monastic and cathedral schools that existed within the framework of the Church. These institutions arose as early as the 6th century after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Because they were under the direct control of the Church, their teachers were both monks and nuns. Monasteries were the main hubs for intellectual, cultural, and artistic development at this time.
Monastic school:
An academic institution within the confines of the Church. The primary purpose of such schools was religious studies. However, the students also received general education. These students were expected to become clerics or monks upon completing their studies.
However, as urban centers became more important, so did the need for higher places of learning. As a result, from the 12th century onward, several universities emerged in cities across Europe. The 1079 Papal Decree issued by Pope Gregory VII initiated the eventual transformation of cathedral schools into universities. Early universities prioritized theological education, and their graduates rose to the ranks of the Church. At the same time, their curriculum included other subjects, such as liberal arts.
A Papal decree is a formal document issued by the Pope. Decrees were legally binding and consequential when the Church dominated all aspects of European life.
The first ten universities in Europe include:
Did you know?
Sometimes the universities' establishment dates vary because these institutions were subsequently issued charters.
Fig. 2 - A philosophy course in Paris, Grandes Chroniques de France, late 14th century
The University of Paris was founded around the year 1150, which makes it one of the oldest European universities. This university was a significant hub for critical scholastic thinkers, including Albert the Great (Magnus), Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and Bonaventure. The university's antecedents were the cathedral schools housed at Notre Dame. One of the key reasons for developing this particular university was Papacy's endorsement. As a result, by the 14th century, the University of Paris transformed into one of the most important institutions in Europe.
The university's academic focus was the faculty of theology. However, it also offered coursework in three other faculties: arts, canon law, and medicine. Arts were considered an inferior form of study, whereas medicine, theology, and canon law comprised the superior aspect of education. The medieval concept of art was different from the one today. It included two categories. The first category comprised music, astronomy, arithmetic, and geometry. It was known as quadrivium because there were four subjects. The second category, the trivium, comprised dialectic, grammar, and rhetoric.
Even though the arts faculty was deemed inferior to others, studying the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was essential. At this time, Aristotle was the central thinker for Scholasticism—the leading school of thought in medieval Christendom.
Scholasticism
Scholasticism was a school of thought in the Middle Ages that was particularly popular in the 13th-14th centuries. It was an international movement with thinkers from different European countries, including Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great, Roger Bacon, John Duns Scotus, Bonaventure, William of Ockham, and many others. They combined Christian theology with philosophy, specifically the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Scholastics addressed many key intellectual concerns of the time, such as the relationship between faith and reason. For them, Medieval universities provided the necessary platform to hold debates and disseminate their ideas.
Structurally, the University of Paris had a dean for each faculty. In the 14th century, the arts faculty dean headed the entire university. He was called a rector.
The University of Oxford (est. 1096-1167) was a prominent early institution of higher learning in England. This institution used the University of Paris as an academic blueprint. Like its Parisian counterpart, the University of Oxford also established the faculties of arts, medicine, law, and theology. And like Paris, the English university had its famous thinkers, including scholastics John Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, and William of Ockham. In the 13th century, the English crown also gave the University of Oxford a charter.
At first, Oxford was famous for its teaching of arts and the most important field, theology. However, as time went on, science study also gained currency. This institution placed more emphasis on science than its Parisian counterpart because of Roger Bacon's presence. This scholastic academic dedicated his time at Oxford (1247-1257) to teaching and scientific experiments. Theology, however, remained a central area of study at Oxford. Religious dogma played an essential role in European society at this time. In addition, Oxford housed both the Dominican and the Franciscan orders.
Oxford did not have buildings for the first few years of its existence. As a result, the university held lectures in church halls, whereas its colleges were boarding houses. In the 13th century, Oxford already included Merton College, University College, and Balliol College. Poor students studying to receive bachelor's or master's of arts degrees lived in these boarding houses. To continue their studies, these students needed financial aid. It is also important to note that in terms of gender, the students in these Medieval academic institutions were men.
William of Ockham (ca. 1285-1347/9)
Willian of Ockam (sometimes Occam) was an English scholastic philosopher and theologian. He belonged to the Franciscan order. Ockham both studied and lectured at the University of Oxford. He was interested in many subject areas, for instance, logic and human nature. Today, William of Ockham is best known for the expression "Occam's razor." He believed that specific academic explanations of the world around us were too complex and needed to be "shaved off." Therefore, according to this concept, the simplest explanation for a particular event is the most likely.
the importance of universities during the Middle Ages cannot be overestimated. In their halls, they teach the soon-to-be civil servants of the realm how to preach to future priests. They impacted the people to a high degree by directing what to believe and how to conduct themselves.
The Medieval Universities shaped the landscape of the Middle Ages, literally! They became towns and even cities, trade hubs, and sanctuaries. They even made kings and popes tremble with fear and anger, like Wittenberg at the end of the Middle Ages.
Universities in Medieval Europe continued transforming into the Renaissance era as they became more diverse. In Northern Europe, universities catered to undergraduates in liberal arts. Theology remained a preeminent faculty for graduate studies. In Italy, universities offer medicine and law to doctoral students. Their structure allowed professors to research many fields, including humanities, medicine, law, and philosophy. These changes were part of the social transformation during the Renaissance and Reformation.
Fig. 3 - Bookcases in the University of Leiden library, Willem Swanenburgh, Johannes Woudanus, 1610
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What were universities in the Middle Ages?
Medieval universities were places of higher learning that developed out of religious academic institutions, such as cathedral schools. Their main focus was theology. The curriculum also comprised arts (including music and math), canon law, and medicine.
What was the first medieval university?
The University of Bologna (1088) is considered the first university in Europe.
Who could attend medieval universities?
Medieval universities were attended by men. Not all were wealthy. However, poor students required financial aid, for example, at Oxford University in England.
How did medieval universities differ from universities today?
Medieval universities only allowed men to be students, unlike the gender equality of today. Their curriculum also primarily focused on theology and general education (arts, mathematics, canon law, and medicine). Their graduates often joined the Church hierarchy.
How important was the medieval universities?
Medieval universities were very important not only as places of higher learning but also as places that both preserved and transmitted knowledge. For example, they preserved philosophical works from ancient Greece. Medieval universities also laid the foundation for modern education.
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